Wind turbine components pdf Napier

wind turbine components pdf

(PDF) Offshore wind-turbine structures A review Instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. This illustration provides a detailed view of the inside of a wind turbine, its components, and their functionality.

(PDF) COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES EngAhmed Lotfy

Wind Turbine Generators IT TГњV Rheinland. components of the turbine and each hub can weigh over 15 tons. NACELLES: The nacelle houses the main components of the wind turbine, such as the controller, gearbox, generator, and shafts. The plants that produce nacelles are primarily assembly facilities. Nacelle components are produced (in-house or by outside suppliers) to the, In gearless wind turbines, the rotor directly drives a large-diameter special synchronous generator (an annular generator). This annular generator is directly connected to the hub of the wind turbine and turns slowly at a rotor speed of 6 to 20 revolutions per minute..

In competition on the wind energy market, one thing above all counts: lowest generation costs – Cost of Energy (CoE). And these, in turn, require highly efficient wind turbines that run smoothly and without disruption. Wind turbines with powerful, reliable components, seamlessly integrated and with optimum availability. Digitalization provides valuable support in this respect. Offshore wind energy is experiencing rapid development and is expected to make up an even bigger part of the world's future energy mix. New installation concepts for offshore wind farms involve lifting operations of wind turbine components from floating vessels.

Figure 2: Section view of typical components of a wind turbine that are involved in its monitoring and control. University of Notre Dame AME 40530. Wind Turbine Control 4 Generally, there exists an optimum tip-speed-ratio, that maximized C p. { The exact depends on the individual wind turbine design This section presents the electrical subsystem of a wind turbine. Specifically, the power control, the generator, the power electronics, the grid connection, and the lightning protection modules

Instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. This illustration provides a detailed view of the inside of a wind turbine, its components, and their functionality. Turbine components turbinE ConStruCtion There are four main parts of a wind turbine: the foundation (base), the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor (hub and blades assembly). The rotor converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion. The nacelle contains the electric generator and other components that convert the mechanical rotation

Wind turbines are complex pieces of machinery. They consist of tens of thousands of parts that allow them to harness and convert wind to electricity – from blades and nacelle technology to software, electrical part and mechanical components, towers, steel processing and foundations. 3energy renewables (pty) ltd tanzania, solar 1855 battery tester, green energy small business grants, best solar panels usa, solar arrays near las vegas, wind turbine components pdf, conserving human energy field, the use of energy sources efficiency, journal on renewable energy pdf, portable power 1800 solar backup generator

CHAPTER 19 Wind turbine cooling technologies Yanlong Jiang Department of Man-Machine - Environment Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. With the increase of the unit capacity of wind turbines, the heat produced by different components rise signifi cantly. Effective cooling methods should be This section presents the electrical subsystem of a wind turbine. Specifically, the power control, the generator, the power electronics, the grid connection, and the lightning protection modules

Wind Turbine Components I Introduction Wind Turbines can be classified in two main categories based on their physical structure. Vertical axis wind turbines have a main shaft that stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind str eam. Horizontal axis wind turbines have a main shaft that lies along the direction of the wind stream. Global wind turbine components market is expected to experience brisk growth over the forecast period owing to increase in renewable energy demand over the forecast period. Growth in the application for electricity across the world is projected to enhance further the wind turbine components industry over the next eight year period

components in a wind turbine, including the generator, gearbox, drive train, and brake assembly. Tower The tower is a multi-section, tapered tubular steel structure that supports the nacelle and rotor assembly. It also serves as a conduit for cables and maintenance access. Wind turbine components are nonrepairable during operation and function similar to a chain under tension. All components must survive or the turbine fails. The length of the chain is not constant for all wind turbine designs [19].The chain shown in Fig. 15.1 includes 14 major components common to many modern wind turbines: three blades, three pitch bearings, a hub, main bearing, main shaft

During the expected 30 year life of a wind turbine, many of the components will need to be able to endure 4 x 10 8 fatigue stress cycles. This high cycle fatigue resistance is even more severe than aircraft, automotive engines, bridges and most other man-made structures. Wind turbines are complex pieces of machinery. They consist of tens of thousands of parts that allow them to harness and convert wind to electricity – from blades and nacelle technology to software, electrical part and mechanical components, towers, steel processing and foundations.

Our services cover every aspect of wind power, allowing you to combine profitability and safety. At TГњV Rheinland we support you in all matters to do with technical safety, providing the basis for a long operating life and cost-effective operation of your wind turbine generators (WTG). Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, R. Teodorescu, F. Iov number of components and functions in a standard Danfoss Drives A/S frequency converter can be seen in Fig. 2. It clearly shows that power electronic conversion is shrinking in volume and weight.

Offshore wind energy is experiencing rapid development and is expected to make up an even bigger part of the world's future energy mix. New installation concepts for offshore wind farms involve lifting operations of wind turbine components from floating vessels. Our services cover every aspect of wind power, allowing you to combine profitability and safety. At TГњV Rheinland we support you in all matters to do with technical safety, providing the basis for a long operating life and cost-effective operation of your wind turbine generators (WTG).

Wind Turbines - Design and Components - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. wind tower turbines developing from ancient persian mills to modern hawt and vawt turbines, a pure energy producing technology CHAPTER 19 Wind turbine cooling technologies Yanlong Jiang Department of Man-Machine - Environment Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. With the increase of the unit capacity of wind turbines, the heat produced by different components rise signifi cantly. Effective cooling methods should be

General Wind Turbine Components Wind Turbine Measurements

wind turbine components pdf

Wind Turbine Materials and Manufacturing Fact Sheet. pdf. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. EngAhmed Lotfy. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES., • 59% efficiency is theefficiency is the BEST a conventional wind turbine can do ina conventional wind turbine can do in extracting power from the wind. Power Curve of Wind Turbine % Cost Share of 5 MW Turbine Components Source: EWEA, 2009, citing Wind Direction, Jan/Feb, 2007. Costs -- Levelized ComparisonLevelized Comparison.

CHAPTER 19 Wind turbine cooling technologies. In terms of considering wind power as part of the electricity system, the wind turbine or farm can be seen as a production unit as any other in long-term studies, but with more unpredictability and variability (time-scale from hours to years)., 3energy renewables (pty) ltd tanzania, solar 1855 battery tester, green energy small business grants, best solar panels usa, solar arrays near las vegas, wind turbine components pdf, conserving human energy field, the use of energy sources efficiency, journal on renewable energy pdf, portable power 1800 solar backup generator.

Wind Turbine Generators WO TГњV Rheinland

wind turbine components pdf

General Wind Turbine Components Wind Turbine Measurements. wind turbine is related to upfront costs such as the cost of the turbine, foundation, electrical equipment, grid-connection and so on. Obviously, fl uctuating fuel costs have no impact on power generation costs. Thus a wind turbine is capital-intensive compared to conven … https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_wind_turbines 2 Wind turbine components The load bearing structural components in wind turbines are mostly made of large, complexly shaped spheroidal graphite iron castings and steel fabrications. Structural components that carry a major part of the occurring loads shall be subject to a detailed assessment of static and fatigue strength. For a.

wind turbine components pdf


• 59% efficiency is theefficiency is the BEST a conventional wind turbine can do ina conventional wind turbine can do in extracting power from the wind. Power Curve of Wind Turbine % Cost Share of 5 MW Turbine Components Source: EWEA, 2009, citing Wind Direction, Jan/Feb, 2007. Costs -- Levelized ComparisonLevelized Comparison 2 Measuring Wind On-site wind measurements should be taken prior to deciding to purchase a wind turbine. The data collected will determine the wind resource and help with wind turbine selection and economic value. Before answering any of these questions, you need to back up and examine how the collected data will be used.

Wind Turbine Components While wind turbines can vary considerably, as to height, blade length and generating capacity, they all have the same basic design. The following are the main components of a wind turbine that must be shipped. Rotor: Sometimes called the hub, this is used to connect the blades to the gear box and In gearless wind turbines, the rotor directly drives a large-diameter special synchronous generator (an annular generator). This annular generator is directly connected to the hub of the wind turbine and turns slowly at a rotor speed of 6 to 20 revolutions per minute.

Wind Turbine Components I Introduction Wind Turbines can be classified in two main categories based on their physical structure. Vertical axis wind turbines have a main shaft that stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind str eam. Horizontal axis wind turbines have a main shaft that lies along the direction of the wind stream. In competition on the wind energy market, one thing above all counts: lowest generation costs – Cost of Energy (CoE). And these, in turn, require highly efficient wind turbines that run smoothly and without disruption. Wind turbines with powerful, reliable components, seamlessly integrated and with optimum availability. Digitalization provides valuable support in this respect.

Figure 4. Commonly agreed wind turbine type and its divergence [24]. One of key components in the wind turbine is its drive train, which links aerodynamic rotor and electrical output terminals. Optimization of wind turbine generators can not be realized without considering mechanical, structural, hydraulic and magnetic performance of the drive Figure 2: Section view of typical components of a wind turbine that are involved in its monitoring and control. University of Notre Dame AME 40530. Wind Turbine Control 4 Generally, there exists an optimum tip-speed-ratio, that maximized C p. { The exact depends on the individual wind turbine design

In competition on the wind energy market, one thing above all counts: lowest generation costs – Cost of Energy (CoE). And these, in turn, require highly efficient wind turbines that run smoothly and without disruption. Wind turbines with powerful, reliable components, seamlessly integrated and with optimum availability. Digitalization provides valuable support in this respect. Wind Turbine Components I Introduction Wind Turbines can be classified in two main categories based on their physical structure. Vertical axis wind turbines have a main shaft that stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind str eam. Horizontal axis wind turbines have a main shaft that lies along the direction of the wind stream.

In competition on the wind energy market, one thing above all counts: lowest generation costs – Cost of Energy (CoE). And these, in turn, require highly efficient wind turbines that run smoothly and without disruption. Wind turbines with powerful, reliable components, seamlessly integrated and with optimum availability. Digitalization provides valuable support in this respect. the wind turbines have been examined, showing that unfavourable increases in weight and load will have to be addressed. The Upwind project just investigated the limits of Upscaling with the current technology, without making an investigation about the optimal wind turbine size. Wind turbines with a rated power of more than 6 MW are now being

Wind turbines are complex pieces of machinery. They consist of tens of thousands of parts that allow them to harness and convert wind to electricity – from blades and nacelle technology to software, electrical part and mechanical components, towers, steel processing and foundations. wind turbine is related to upfront costs such as the cost of the turbine, foundation, electrical equipment, grid-connection and so on. Obviously, fl uctuating fuel costs have no impact on power generation costs. Thus a wind turbine is capital-intensive compared to conven …

Figure 2: Section view of typical components of a wind turbine that are involved in its monitoring and control. University of Notre Dame AME 40530. Wind Turbine Control 4 Generally, there exists an optimum tip-speed-ratio, that maximized C p. { The exact depends on the individual wind turbine design In gearless wind turbines, the rotor directly drives a large-diameter special synchronous generator (an annular generator). This annular generator is directly connected to the hub of the wind turbine and turns slowly at a rotor speed of 6 to 20 revolutions per minute.

2 Measuring Wind On-site wind measurements should be taken prior to deciding to purchase a wind turbine. The data collected will determine the wind resource and help with wind turbine selection and economic value. Before answering any of these questions, you need to back up and examine how the collected data will be used. year modeling period. Wind turbine costs are assumed to decrease by 10% to 12% between 2010 and 2020, and wind turbine performance, or capacity factor, is assumed to increase to 50%, up from today’s capacity factors of 35%, by the year 2030.

This section presents the electrical subsystem of a wind turbine. Specifically, the power control, the generator, the power electronics, the grid connection, and the lightning protection modules Wind Turbine Components While wind turbines can vary considerably, as to height, blade length and generating capacity, they all have the same basic design. The following are the main components of a wind turbine that must be shipped. Rotor: Sometimes called the hub, this is used to connect the blades to the gear box and

wind turbine components pdf

Knowledge Centre for Wind Turbine Components - A centre for research, innovation, documentation and demonstration of components for wind turbines. Abstract from 2008 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Brussels, Belgium. Wind turbine components are nonrepairable during operation and function similar to a chain under tension. All components must survive or the turbine fails. The length of the chain is not constant for all wind turbine designs [19].The chain shown in Fig. 15.1 includes 14 major components common to many modern wind turbines: three blades, three pitch bearings, a hub, main bearing, main shaft

(PDF) PPT on wind turbine components and materials

wind turbine components pdf

Ch1 Wind Turbine Components Iowa State University. Instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. This illustration provides a detailed view of the inside of a wind turbine, its components, and their functionality., Usually the rotational speed of the wind turbine is slower than the equivalent rotation speed of the electrical network - typical rotation speeds for wind generators are 5-20 rpm while a directly connected machine will have an electrical speed between 750-3600 rpm. Therefore, a gearbox is inserted between the rotor hub and the generator..

Turbine Components an overview ScienceDirect Topics

Green Mechanic VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE PARTS. Components in the wind turbine typically have to be installed, serviced or replaced using mobile land-based cranes and/or manually carrying components to remove and/or replace components. Wind turbine components may be huge or awkward to handle, precluding manual transportation of the components., Turbine components turbinE ConStruCtion There are four main parts of a wind turbine: the foundation (base), the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor (hub and blades assembly). The rotor converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion. The nacelle contains the electric generator and other components that convert the mechanical rotation.

components of the turbine and each hub can weigh over 15 tons. NACELLES: The nacelle houses the main components of the wind turbine, such as the controller, gearbox, generator, and shafts. The plants that produce nacelles are primarily assembly facilities. Nacelle components are produced (in-house or by outside suppliers) to the During the expected 30 year life of a wind turbine, many of the components will need to be able to endure 4 x 10 8 fatigue stress cycles. This high cycle fatigue resistance is even more severe than aircraft, automotive engines, bridges and most other man-made structures.

pdf. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. EngAhmed Lotfy. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. CHAPTER 19 Wind turbine cooling technologies Yanlong Jiang Department of Man-Machine - Environment Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. With the increase of the unit capacity of wind turbines, the heat produced by different components rise signifi cantly. Effective cooling methods should be

wind turbine is related to upfront costs such as the cost of the turbine, foundation, electrical equipment, grid-connection and so on. Obviously, fl uctuating fuel costs have no impact on power generation costs. Thus a wind turbine is capital-intensive compared to conven … During the expected 30 year life of a wind turbine, many of the components will need to be able to endure 4 x 10 8 fatigue stress cycles. This high cycle fatigue resistance is even more severe than aircraft, automotive engines, bridges and most other man-made structures.

Our services cover every aspect of wind power, allowing you to combine profitability and safety. At TГњV Rheinland we support you in all matters to do with technical safety, providing the basis for a long operating life and cost-effective operation of your wind turbine generators (WTG). 2 Measuring Wind On-site wind measurements should be taken prior to deciding to purchase a wind turbine. The data collected will determine the wind resource and help with wind turbine selection and economic value. Before answering any of these questions, you need to back up and examine how the collected data will be used.

3energy renewables (pty) ltd tanzania, solar 1855 battery tester, green energy small business grants, best solar panels usa, solar arrays near las vegas, wind turbine components pdf, conserving human energy field, the use of energy sources efficiency, journal on renewable energy pdf, portable power 1800 solar backup generator Chapter 1 Wind Turbine Components I Introduction Wind Turbines can be classified in two categories based on rotor structure. Vertical axis wind turbines have a main shaft that stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind stream. Horizontal axis wind turbines have a main shaft that lies along the direction of the wind stream.

Turbine components turbinE ConStruCtion There are four main parts of a wind turbine: the foundation (base), the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor (hub and blades assembly). The rotor converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion. The nacelle contains the electric generator and other components that convert the mechanical rotation In response, Wind Energy Update has published the following whitepaper looking at the three most capital-intensive components of a wind turbine: the technologies involved, causes for their failure, their reliability and failure rates. This extract has been taken and edited from the WEU Onshore Wind O&M Strategies Report 2014.

Chapter 1 Wind Turbine Components I Introduction Wind Turbines can be classified in two categories based on rotor structure. Vertical axis wind turbines have a main shaft that stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind stream. Horizontal axis wind turbines have a main shaft that lies along the direction of the wind stream. 26.02.2016 · This lecture will be about wind turbine technology, terminologies, and main components of the commercial horizontal-axis wind turbine and main degrees of freedom that such a turbine has. Category

Offshore wind energy is experiencing rapid development and is expected to make up an even bigger part of the world's future energy mix. New installation concepts for offshore wind farms involve lifting operations of wind turbine components from floating vessels. Components in the wind turbine typically have to be installed, serviced or replaced using mobile land-based cranes and/or manually carrying components to remove and/or replace components. Wind turbine components may be huge or awkward to handle, precluding manual transportation of the components.

pdf. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. EngAhmed Lotfy. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. Figure 4. Commonly agreed wind turbine type and its divergence [24]. One of key components in the wind turbine is its drive train, which links aerodynamic rotor and electrical output terminals. Optimization of wind turbine generators can not be realized without considering mechanical, structural, hydraulic and magnetic performance of the drive

Knowledge Centre for Wind Turbine Components - A centre for research, innovation, documentation and demonstration of components for wind turbines. Abstract from 2008 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Brussels, Belgium. ponent is part of, and not only through making existing components cheaper. One could imagine a re-designed sub-system containing less individual components, where functionality and thereby CoE is improved. A wind turbine consists of 15-20,000 components and many components and sub-systems affect each other

Fatigue Life of Wind Turbine Structural Components

wind turbine components pdf

Wind Turbines Design and Components Wind Turbine. Turbine components turbinE ConStruCtion There are four main parts of a wind turbine: the foundation (base), the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor (hub and blades assembly). The rotor converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion. The nacelle contains the electric generator and other components that convert the mechanical rotation, • 59% efficiency is theefficiency is the BEST a conventional wind turbine can do ina conventional wind turbine can do in extracting power from the wind. Power Curve of Wind Turbine % Cost Share of 5 MW Turbine Components Source: EWEA, 2009, citing Wind Direction, Jan/Feb, 2007. Costs -- Levelized ComparisonLevelized Comparison.

Components of a Wind-turbine dunoair.com

wind turbine components pdf

Turbine Components an overview ScienceDirect Topics. Turbine components turbinE ConStruCtion There are four main parts of a wind turbine: the foundation (base), the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor (hub and blades assembly). The rotor converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion. The nacelle contains the electric generator and other components that convert the mechanical rotation https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers Instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. This illustration provides a detailed view of the inside of a wind turbine, its components, and their functionality..

wind turbine components pdf


than 15 years, it is essential that wind-turbine and wind-farm owners take informed decisions regarding the end of the turbines’ operational life, life extension, or decommissioning To do . so, the wind-turbine components must be inspected to ascertain their integrity and the … CHAPTER 19 Wind turbine cooling technologies Yanlong Jiang Department of Man-Machine - Environment Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. With the increase of the unit capacity of wind turbines, the heat produced by different components rise signifi cantly. Effective cooling methods should be

pdf. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. EngAhmed Lotfy. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. Wind Turbine Components While wind turbines can vary considerably, as to height, blade length and generating capacity, they all have the same basic design. The following are the main components of a wind turbine that must be shipped. Rotor: Sometimes called the hub, this is used to connect the blades to the gear box and

Wind turbines are complex pieces of machinery. They consist of tens of thousands of parts that allow them to harness and convert wind to electricity – from blades and nacelle technology to software, electrical part and mechanical components, towers, steel processing and foundations. 3energy renewables (pty) ltd tanzania, solar 1855 battery tester, green energy small business grants, best solar panels usa, solar arrays near las vegas, wind turbine components pdf, conserving human energy field, the use of energy sources efficiency, journal on renewable energy pdf, portable power 1800 solar backup generator

26.02.2016В В· This lecture will be about wind turbine technology, terminologies, and main components of the commercial horizontal-axis wind turbine and main degrees of freedom that such a turbine has. Category 2 Measuring Wind On-site wind measurements should be taken prior to deciding to purchase a wind turbine. The data collected will determine the wind resource and help with wind turbine selection and economic value. Before answering any of these questions, you need to back up and examine how the collected data will be used.

the wind turbines have been examined, showing that unfavourable increases in weight and load will have to be addressed. The Upwind project just investigated the limits of Upscaling with the current technology, without making an investigation about the optimal wind turbine size. Wind turbines with a rated power of more than 6 MW are now being Knowledge Centre for Wind Turbine Components - A centre for research, innovation, documentation and demonstration of components for wind turbines. Abstract from 2008 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Brussels, Belgium.

In gearless wind turbines, the rotor directly drives a large-diameter special synchronous generator (an annular generator). This annular generator is directly connected to the hub of the wind turbine and turns slowly at a rotor speed of 6 to 20 revolutions per minute. pdf. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES. EngAhmed Lotfy. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. COMPONENTS OF WIND MACHINES.

This section presents the electrical subsystem of a wind turbine. Specifically, the power control, the generator, the power electronics, the grid connection, and the lightning protection modules Components in the wind turbine typically have to be installed, serviced or replaced using mobile land-based cranes and/or manually carrying components to remove and/or replace components. Wind turbine components may be huge or awkward to handle, precluding manual transportation of the components.

the wind turbines have been examined, showing that unfavourable increases in weight and load will have to be addressed. The Upwind project just investigated the limits of Upscaling with the current technology, without making an investigation about the optimal wind turbine size. Wind turbines with a rated power of more than 6 MW are now being year modeling period. Wind turbine costs are assumed to decrease by 10% to 12% between 2010 and 2020, and wind turbine performance, or capacity factor, is assumed to increase to 50%, up from today’s capacity factors of 35%, by the year 2030.

Global wind turbine components market is expected to experience brisk growth over the forecast period owing to increase in renewable energy demand over the forecast period. Growth in the application for electricity across the world is projected to enhance further the wind turbine components industry over the next eight year period Wind Turbine Components While wind turbines can vary considerably, as to height, blade length and generating capacity, they all have the same basic design. The following are the main components of a wind turbine that must be shipped. Rotor: Sometimes called the hub, this is used to connect the blades to the gear box and

In gearless wind turbines, the rotor directly drives a large-diameter special synchronous generator (an annular generator). This annular generator is directly connected to the hub of the wind turbine and turns slowly at a rotor speed of 6 to 20 revolutions per minute. Offshore wind energy is experiencing rapid development and is expected to make up an even bigger part of the world's future energy mix. New installation concepts for offshore wind farms involve lifting operations of wind turbine components from floating vessels.

wind turbine components pdf

In competition on the wind energy market, one thing above all counts: lowest generation costs – Cost of Energy (CoE). And these, in turn, require highly efficient wind turbines that run smoothly and without disruption. Wind turbines with powerful, reliable components, seamlessly integrated and with optimum availability. Digitalization provides valuable support in this respect. year modeling period. Wind turbine costs are assumed to decrease by 10% to 12% between 2010 and 2020, and wind turbine performance, or capacity factor, is assumed to increase to 50%, up from today’s capacity factors of 35%, by the year 2030.